Citation:

DeWoskin, R., T. Knudsen, AND I. Shah. Virtual Models (aka: in silico or computational models) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology 4th Edition). Philip Wexler (ed.), 4th edition of the Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Academic Press Incorporated, Orlando, FL, 9:779-793, (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00094-4

Impact/Purpose:

This updates a chapter for the 4th edition of the Encyclopedia of Toxicology. The updates primarily synopsize and reference in silico toxicodynamics work published since the 3rd edition.

Description:

Virtual models (vM) are mathematical representations of biological processes that are numerically solved computationally, and are used to investigate and predict system behaviors that cannot be predicted solely from studying the nature of the individual parts, or from the domain of the available data. Computational power is now available to develop advanced vMs capable of supporting predictive toxicology and drug efficacy, and of reducing the dependence on in vivo animal studies for basic research and risk assessment purposes. The ultimate goal is to simulate in vivo responses of biological organisms to environmental change, drugs, toxins, or human activities, and to predict the effects of defined perturbations on system behaviors. Examples of virtual models are presented from research in the fields of physiology, pharmacology, toxicology and risk assessment.

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